Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory and Hong Kong - 1024 Words

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory focused on the affect of the surroundings, namely the culture, peers, and adults, on the developing child. Vygotsky proposed the â€Å"zone of proximal development† (ZPD) to explain the influence of the cultural context. ZPD refers to the range of tasks which a child cannot finish alone since they are too difficult, but such tasks can be completed with guidance and aid from more-skilled individuals. The lower limit of ZPD is the level of skill that the children can reach alone, and the upper limit of ZPD is the level of skill that the children can reach with guidance from a more skilled individual, such as teachers, parents and more-skilled peers. Imagine a child is having difficulty writing book reports.†¦show more content†¦This results in schools focusing on instructing knowledge to students like feeding chickens in a farm and doesn’t really care whether the students understand the knowledge instructed or not. This exam -oriented style of education ignores the students’ development as a whole, and generates many graduates with good grades in school and struggled in workplace. The old educational style of Hong Kong seems not to fit with Vygotsky’s theory. Nowadays, the emphasis of education in Hong Kong seems to be starting to shift from instructing knowledge to assisting students to construct knowledge. As teachers will not only instruct knowledges, but also guides students in finishing tasks such as laboratory exercises and group projects. This implies the ZPD as teachers will now try to dig students’ potential and help students to reach them. Peer mentors are also very common in secondary schools nowadays. Senior form students will volunteer or be recruited by teachers to assist junior form students to finish assignments or group projects. Cross-age mentoring is more common than same-age mentoring. Same-age mentoring will only occur in class, as students with better understanding on the subject will help explain the concepts to other students and assist them in finishing in-class assignments. The peer mentors are suggested to adjust the amount of guidance according to the progress of the tutees. This implies the scaffoldin g concept and that culture isShow MoreRelatedTeaching English As A Second Language And Culture3962 Words   |  16 Pagesbecome bilingual, the person has to overpass different barriers. Becoming a bilingual person requires much effort and desire of learning because every single language is complex in its own way. Teaching English as a Second Language and the Sociocultural Theory While Teaching ESL, A Bilingualism Study I interviewed an ESL (English as a Second Language) teacher currently employed at a High School in Texas. This teacher grew up in Virginia and graduated from a Christian University with a major in Political

Student Learning Achievement In Cambodia Free Essays

string(318) " propose policy recommendations in order to raise the pupil accomplishment, to better the system effectivity, to shut the spread between the top and bottom through compensatory support, to compensate emerging societal differences, and to mensurate the student accomplishment through regular testing \( mentions\? \) \." Since the prostration of the Pol Pot government until early 2000s the term Student Learning Achievement was on occasion mentioned. The authorities at that clip basically focused on how to garner kids and grownups to travel to school to larn from the people who merely had better cognition than their pupils. As a consequence, merely between 1998 and 2003 the per centum of kids come ining primary school expanded by about 36 per centum ( EMIS, 2003 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Student Learning Achievement In Cambodia or any similar topic only for you Order Now But with the singular additions in Numberss of pupil registration the instruction quality, in general, seem to be difficult to better. MoEYS recognizes that careful attending must be given to guarantee that policy-led determinations are harmonic with improved larning achievementaˆÂ ¦ Most schools do non carry through expected minimal contact hours per twelvemonth. Continuous schoolroom monitoring of single pupils ‘ command of indispensable acquisition competences and accomplishments, linked to ongoing redress, and regular, independent ‘auditing ‘ of educational quality and criterions have yet to be translated into plans that can be implemented countrywide ( EFA National Plan 2003-2015, p.25 ) . If the quality issues had been asked for, specifically the pupil larning results, the chief mechanism that many people normally have been referred to, even up to now, is through national scrutiny. But is it sensible if national scrutiny will be used for turn outing the pupil larning results? While analysis of scrutiny consequences can supply penetrations into pupil accomplishment and can place schools in which pupil public presentation is weak, its value is limited. One restriction is that public scrutinies normally test merely narrow countries of a course of study. This is partially because a limited figure of topics can be examined ; it is besides because within these topics, the focal point of the scrutiny tends to be on course of study content and competences that will maximise favoritism between pupils who will be selected for farther instruction and those who will non. The accomplishments of lower-performing pupils as a consequence may non be adequately represented ( Kellaghan and Greaney, 2004, P. ? ) . It is agreed with the statement of Kellghan and Greaney and is believed that scrutiny is non the right manner for measuring the pupil larning results. Additionally, Bethell stated that: â€Å" The premier intent of an scrutiny system is to supply each campaigner with a consequence which accurately reflects her/his degree of accomplishment. The usage of the consequence, e.g. for university choice or as an employment making, is aimed at the person. In contrast, the intent of a sample-based national appraisal is to supply dependable informations on the effectivity of the system as a whole ( 2003, P. ? ) . † Furthermore, Hernes, Director of International Institute for Educational Planning ( IIEP ) , noted that â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ Assessment has become over the old ages an of import key to the betterment of the quality of instruction. It is one of the most dependable ways of placing jobs, whether these are the system degree, of school degree, or concern the single pupil † ( UN ESCO, IIEP 2001, P. ? ) . The constructs of Education Assessment have been applied in many countries/ organisations, although they have different intents, models and attacks, such as Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality ( SAQMEC ) , Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS ) , Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) and so forth. TIMSS, for illustration, is an international appraisal of the mathematics and scientific discipline cognition of 4th and eighth-grade pupils around the universe. TIMSS is conducted every four twelvemonth. The chief end of TIMMS is to supply comparative information about educational mathematical accomplishment across states to better instruction and acquisition in mathematics and scientific discipline ( TIMSS International Report, 2007 ) . The TIMSS consequences so provide comparative positions on tendencies in academic achieving in the context of different educational systems, school organisational attacks, and instructional patterns. PISA, on the other manus, is a collaborative attempt undertaken by all member states of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, ( OECD ) and a figure of non-member spouse states to mensurate how well pupils, at age 15, are prepared to run into the challenges they may meet in future life. The PISA appraisal takes a wide attack to measuring cognition, accomplishments and attitudes that reflect current alterations in course of study, traveling beyond the school based attack towards the usage of cognition in mundane undertakings and challenges. The accomplishments acquired reflect the ability of pupils to go on larning throughout their lives by using what they learn in school to non-school environments, measuring their picks and doing determinations. The appraisal, jointly guided by the take parting authoritiess, brings together the policy involvements of states by using scientific expertness at both national and international degrees ( PISA, 2006 ) . In peculiar the continent of Africa, the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality ( SACMEQ ) is an international non-profit developmental organisation of 15 Ministries of Education in Southern and Eastern Africa. The state members decided to work together to portion experiences and expertness in developing the capacities of instruction contrivers to use scientific methods to supervise and measure the conditions of schooling and the quality of instruction, with proficient aid from UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning ( IIEP ) . The consequences of SACMEQ have been used extensively by assorted institutions/stakeholders, Ministries of Education ( MOE ‘s ) , international/bilateral organisations, universities, and single educational contrivers and research workers, within the take parting states as a resource for instruction sector surveies and as baseline information that can be employed in policy treatments and arguments about t he conditions of schooling and the quality of instruction ( SACMEQ, 2010 ) . The Vietnamese Ministry of Education and Training ( MoET ) launched a large-scale monitoring survey of primary instruction in 2000, the first of its sort in the state. The survey tested students and their instructors in the last class of primary instruction ( Grade 5 ) , utilizing a sample cross sectional study in two key capable countries, reading comprehension in Vietnamese and mathematics. The survey tried to happen the chief issues and propose policy recommendations in order to raise the pupil accomplishment, to better the system effectivity, to shut the spread between the top and bottom through compensatory support, to compensate emerging societal differences, and to mensurate the student accomplishment through regular testing ( mentions? ) . You read "Student Learning Achievement In Cambodia" in category "Essay examples" At the present twenty-four hours, there is a turning consciousness of similar issues in Kampuchean instruction policy paperss such as the Education for All ( EFA ) program 2003-2015, Education Strategic Plan ( ESP ) 2006-2010 and Education Sector Support Program ESSP ) 2006-2010.The inquiries of quality, the steps to accomplish the quality ends and marks have been received more and more attending. Additionally, in the Ministry of Education Youth and Sport ( MoEYS ) course of study reform lineation, the minimal criterions for classs 3, 6 and 9 in topics of Khmer, Social Study and Mathematics were established ( MoEYS, 2006 ) ; and late, a new establishment that considers instruction quality ( called the Quality Assurance Department ) has been established ( MoEYS, 2009 ) . Statement of the Problem Although the schemes to accomplish the results and marks of the policy were set in about the full Ministry policy paperss, for illustration, â€Å" Implement the minimal criterions of pupil accomplishment for classs 3, 6 and 9 countrywide, guarantee a shared apprehension of minimal criterions amongst instructors, parents and other stakeholders and follow up on the consequences of the trials in the countrywide school study cards ( ESP 2006-2010, p.14 ) , † The minimal criterions of above classs were illustrated, the information or indexs on existent accomplishment in quality and results of larning have non been yet presented, except some proxy indexs demoing about publicity and repeat rates. The supra related information can be seen in some instruction spouse surveies such as UNICEF ( Prak Phalla, 2005 ) and World Bank based undertakings, Education Quality Improvement Project ( Marshall, 2004 ) , Save the Children Norway ( SCN,2007 ) and Cambodia Education Sector Support Projec t ( CESSP, 2006, 2008, 2009 ) . In the Education Strategic Plan ( ESP ) 2006-2010, the Sector Performance Milestones and Targets tables shows the marks for about all indexs but there are spaces for indexs of per centum of pupils run intoing course of study criterions in Khmer and Math based on standardised trial at Grade 3, 6 and 9 ( Appendix A, Table II: Quality and Efficiency, ESP 2006-2010 ) . Furthermore, if the inquiry about how good the pupils at grade 3 or 6 or 9 can accomplish compared with the course of study criterions the reply will non be easy to happen. There is really small grounds in Cambodia related to prove execution. One of them is a study from execution of a undertaking called Education Quality Improvement Project ( EQIP ) which was supported by the World Bank from 1999 to 2003. One of the EQIP undertakings was to prove all Grade 4 pupils of the undertaking coverage states ( Kandal, Kampot and Takeo ) . Specifically, the chief intent of the trial was to detect the impact from the execution of undertaking grants on assorted activities by the schools, i.e. to compare the pupil accomplishments in Numeracy and Literacy at the beginning of the undertaking and terminal of the undertaking period ( EQIP Final Report, 2004 ) . In 2005, MoEYS/Pedagogical Research Department ( PRD ) with aid from UNICEF started implementing a undertaking on Grade 6 Learning Achievement by carry oning the trial on mathematics and Khmer. The aims of the undertaking were to supply information on pupils ‘ larning accomplishment in the province school including the Child Friendly Schools ( CFS ) to MoEYS, UNICEF and relevant stakeholders ; to set up a baseline degree for Grade 6 larning accomplishment for the new course of study and criterion ; to compare the pupil consequences between CFS and non-CFS schools ; to roll up informations for usage for a alteration of the Grade 6 course of study, text editions and instructors ‘ manuals and auxiliary teaching/learning stuffs ; and to happen out the existent state of affairs of larning accomplishment in primary schools. In his study, Prak ( UNICEF, 2005 ) recommended that â€Å" more standard points should be put in. This is because in this trial non all Grade 6 course of study criterions on Khmer and Math have been tested owing to a clip and budget restraint ( p. ? ) † . Purpose and Significance The course of study criterions ( minimal criterions ) for Grade 3, 6 and 9 had been established since 2006 ( Appendix B ) but until now there is no papers or study depicting how the pupils perform compared with the criterions. This paper, hence, efforts to exemplify the consequences of one of the above class degree ( Grade 9 ) , so the research findings will non merely be used for carry throughing the losing informations in the ESP papers for the defined twelvemonth but besides to show how good the Grade 9 pupil can accomplish comparing with the official curriculum criterion. More significantly, the findings will explicate why the pupils are perchance really good or hapless in some content countries of the course of study, for illustration, what possible grounds cause them to be good in work outing job by utilizing graph or, contrastingly, they are hapless in happening length of discharge Besides this, as we live in the planetary context and as the instruction systems are bit by bit developed we need to exemplify that sort of consequences to compare with other states in the parts or/and well-known organisations such as TIMMS, PISA, etc. Research Question More specifically, this papers tries to reply these research inquiries: What is the overall mean degree of pupil larning accomplishment in Mathematicss in sample schools in comparing to the national criterion? How make the norms in Mathematics vary by content and sub-content country? Are there important differences in the acquisition accomplishment by location, gender and socioeconomics by quintile? Research Methods With the support from the Kampuchean Education Sector Support Project ( CESSP ) / MoEYS, the National Assessment unit has conducted several trials in different class degrees, three, six and nine, since 2005. The overarching intent of the MoEYS appraisal work is to supply a system-wide diagnosing of school quality and pupil acquisition. This is done utilizing standardised trials that measure the functionary, or intended, course of study based on points created by MoEYS forces. Since I am one of the members of this unit I have discussed with the squad members to plan some peculiar undertakings for this survey purpose along with the chief undertakings of the undertaking. Sampling Technique and Sample Size This is a theoretical account of diagnostic appraisal which requires merely representative sample of schools to stand for the state as the whole. With a full support from CESSP/World Bank a scope of trying technique and sample size was produced. The type of sample was defined as two-stage bunch sample. This was done in five stairss: 1 ) specifying the population: the class nine population is restricted to take down secondary schools, EMIS information 2008, that have at least one grade nine category with 20 or more pupils ; 2 ) make up one’s minding how many schools are required: 200 schools were selected by utilizing trying package produced by IIEP ( called IIEPSAMP ) with the Effective Sample Size ( ESS ) of 400 ( Appendix C ) ; 3 ) specifying the strata: the strata here referred to the three chief parts in the state: Urban, Rural and Remote ; 4 ) choosing the schools: the package so produced 50 schools in urban, 139 in rural and 11 schools in distant countries ( Appendix D ) ; and, 5 ) choosing the pupils within each school: 30 pupils per school were indiscriminately selected so the sum of pupils were about 6,000. Restrictions of the method adopted. Research Tools The range of this survey is really seen as a really large survey nevertheless, as above mentioned, the readying for this survey was carried out alongside with the MoEYS undertakings which being involved by related ministry departments/staff therefore some of the related results/findings can be considered and used as the findings of this survey. With the intent of comparing the degree of pupil accomplishment in math the curriculum trial design ( Appendix E ) , test brochures and official course of study criterions are basically needed. In add-on, in order to detect the deduction to the pupil achievement the information from pupil and instructor interview is besides required. Datas Analysis The points produced by the MoEYS specializers covered the content and sub-content countries of the intended course of study in general ( Appendix E ) . For this survey purpose the points related to course of study criterions will be defined. Descriptive Statisticss: This will summary the information particularly the pupil accomplishment in mean per centum correct ( average ) and standard divergences are besides used when appropriate. Comparisons of Meanss: Since the sample is divided into three types of school locations ( parts ) , male and female pupils participated and the pupils came from different socio-economic position t-test, ANOVA or/and chi-square could be used for gauging the differences among those variables. By making this we can demo the differences existed in the content and sub-content countries, later, we will research for what countries have the highest comparative tonss, what is the lowest, etc. Then the consequences that relate to the course of study criterions can be explored, and therefore we can reason about how the Grade 9 pupils achieved when they finished their category. The spreads between pupils like urban-rural, poor-rich, boys-girls, etc will besides be demonstrated. More significantly, from consequences in Numberss we will seek to research what make consequences intend in footings of what pupils can really make and why they performed ill in some peculiar content countries of the course of study. The consequences, so, will go the first findings in such field and may likely essential for some stakeholders. Appendix Appendix A: Table Two: Quality and Efficiency ( Promotion and repeat 2003-04 rate are used for baseline 2004-05 ) Index Baseline Target Target Target Target Target Beginning: 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Pupil teacher ratio EMIS – Primary 53.5 51.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 – Lower Secondary 27.7 37 41 45 45 45 – Upper berth Secondary 29.4 35 38 40 40 40 Promotion rate Entire Female Male Entire Female Male Entire Female Entire Female Entire Female Entire Female EMIS – Class 1 64.8 % 65.4 % 64.2 % 92 % 92 % 92 % 93 % 93 % 94 % 94 % 95 % 95 % 95 % 95 % A – Class 3 77.3 % 78.9 % 75.7 % 93 % 93 % 93 % 93 % 93 % 94 % 94 % 95 % 95 % 95 % 95 % A – Class 6 86.6 % 86.3 % 86.9 % 93 % 93 % 93 % 93 % 93 % 94 % 94 % 95 % 95 % 95 % 95 % A Repeat rate Entire Female Male Entire Female Male Entire Female Entire Female Entire Female Entire Female EMIS – Class 1 23.6 % 22.4 % 24.9 % 6 % 6 % 6 % 5 % 5 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 4 % A – Class 3 13.2 % 11.3 % 15.4 % 6 % 6 % 6 % 5 % 5 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 4 % A – Class 6 2.6 % 2.2 % 3.1 % 2 % 2 % 2 % 2 % 2 % 2 % 2 % 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 % A Completion rate Entire Female Male Entire Female Male Entire Female Entire Female Entire Female Entire Female EMIS – Primary 46.8 % 45.7 % 47.9 % 60 % 60 % 60 % 70 % 70 % 80 % 80 % 90 % 90 % 100 % 100 % A – Lower secondary 20.6 % 20.0 % 21.2 % 30 % 30 % 30 % 40 % 40 % 50 % 50 % 60 % 60 % 75 % 75 % A Literacy rate 67.1 % 60.3 % 74.7 % 70 % 67 % 73.1 % 75 % 73 % 80 % 78 % 85 % 84 % 90 % 90 % A Number of pupils go throughing grade 12 scrutiny 33,834 37,500 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 EMIS % of pupils run intoing course of study criterions in Khmer Language based on standardised trial at: A PRD/DGE – Class 3 A to be determined to be determined to be determined to be determined to be determined A – Class 6 A to be determined to be determined to be determined to be determined to be determined A – Class 9 A to be determined to be determined to be determined to be determined to be determined A % of pupils run intoing course of study criterions in Mathematicss based on standardised trial at: PRD/DGE – Class 3 A to be determined to be determined to be determined to be determined to be determined A – Class 6 A to be determined to be determined to be determined to be determined to be determined A – Class 9 A to be determined to be determined to be determined to be determined to be determined A Appendix B: Grade 6 Curriculum Standard Strand Grade 6 Number Read, count, write, order and compare whole Numberss non transcending 7 figures and Numberss with denary fractions to two denary topographic points Read, write, order and comparison fractions and assorted Numberss. Round denary Numberss to the nearest whole figure. Add, subtract, multiply and divide whole Numberss utilizing three types of brackets ( [ , ( , { ) Add and subtract fractions with the same denominator. Add and subtract denary Numberss with two denary topographic points. Multiply and divide Numberss up to 4 figures by 2 figures. Use appraisal schemes to look into generation, add-on and division of whole Numberss. Rename common fractions ( less than one ) as decimals and per centums Calculate simple ratios and direct proportions ( eg 2 people need 4 cups of H2O so 6 people need 12 ) . Calculate norm costs, net income and loss, and write and verify grosss. Measurement Use criterion mensurating instruments and read graduated tables to the nearest step to find: Length from kilometers to millimeters ( eg. wood, roads ) Capacity from liters to milliliters ( eg. medical specialty, cooking oil ) Weight ( mass ) from kg to gms ( eg veggie, rice and meat ) Time from hours to seconds Read and show accurately clip in parallel, digital, 12 and 24 hours representations Interpret a simple graduated table saloon on a map and utilize the map to cipher distance between topographic points Calculate norm travel times utilizing given velocities and distances Geometry Name types of angles ( ague, right, obtuse and consecutive line ) up to 180A ° and concept angles utilizing swayers, protractors and compasses Draw and label circles utilizing the undermentioned footings: radius, Centre, diameter and perimeter Make theoretical accounts of prisms, cones, pyramids, cylinders and domains Measure and happen the margin and country of trigons, squares, and rectangle Find the volume of solids made up of unit regular hexahedrons. Statistics Concept and construe informations presented in tabular arraies, line graphs, saloon chart and pie charts. Algebra AND Form Find the value of simple algebraic looks utilizing permutation methods affecting add-on and minus. ( eg. 3 + B = ? , 8- b= ? where B is 4 ) Simplify simple algebraic looks utilizing add-on and minus methods. ( eg. 4x + 2x = ? ) Reasoning Explain a short concatenation of concluding used to near and work out a job that involves an analysis of informations through the choice and usage of mathematical techniques. Appendix C. Sample Design Table Megahertz: Intraclass Correlation ( ICC ) : 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 20 Schools 150 159 197 235 273 Students 3,000 3,180 3,940 4,700 5,460 25 Schools 150 151 190 228 266 Students 3,750 3,775 4,750 5,700 6,650 30 Schools 150 150 185 223 262 Students 4,500 4,500 5,550 6,690 7,860 35 Schools 150 150 181 220 259 Students 5,250 5,250 6,335 7,700 9,065 40 Schools 150 150 179 218 257 Students 6,000 6,000 7,160 8,720 10,280 Beginning: TIMSS 2004 Report, Chapter 5 ( Table 5.2 ) . Notes: For this survey a Minimum Cluster Size ( MCS ) of 30 was used, although in a little per centum of schools there were fewer than 30 grade nine pupils enrolled. Calculations of the ICC from old pupil appraisals in Cambodia suggest an norm of approximately 0.30. The MoEYS grade nine sample of 200 schools and approximately 6,000 pupils is larger than the minimal sample predicted for an MCS of 30 and ICC of 0.30. Appendix D: Comparison of School Strata in Population and Samples Stratums: Schools in Population: Number of Schools in Sample: Raw Total Percent* ( % ) Raw Total Percent* ( % ) Weighted Percent ( % ) 1. Urban 140 28.0 50 25.0 28.0 2. Rural 776 70.7 139 69.9 70.8 3. Remote 28 1.3 11 5.0 1.2 Sum: 944 100.0 200 100.0 100.0 Beginning: EMIS and MoEYS Assessment, 2007-2009 *Refers to per centum of entire pupil population, non per centum of schools. The Numberss in the far right column ( in bold ) refer to the leaden sample that is used for the analysis. Appendix E: Grade 9 Curriculum Blueprint and Item Analysis Summaries No Content Area Sub-Content Area Cognitive Skill Item % Cognition Understanding Application Analyzing 1 Number Operation in Integer 1 1 0 0 20 20 % Operationss in Power 1 2 0 0 Taking figure out of a root 1 2 0 0 Taking figure into the root 1 2 0 0 Operationss on a root 1 2 2 1 Finding a per centum of a figure 1 1 1 0 2 Algebra Linear equation 2 4 1 1 50 50 % A system of equations in two variables 2 3 1 1 Inequality and inequality systems 2 3 1 0 Quadratic equation 2 4 1 0 Distance between two points in Orthonormial grid 2 3 1 0 Equation of line 3 4 2 0 Solving a system equations and inequality by utilizing graph 2 4 1 0 3 Statisticss Probability 1 2 1 1 10 10 % Representative statistics 1 1 0 0 Analysis statistics 1 2 0 0 4 Geometry Thales theory 2 3 1 1 20 20 % Similar trigons 2 3 1 0 Trigonometry 1 2 1 0 Finding the length of discharge and angle of circle 1 2 0 0 How to cite Student Learning Achievement In Cambodia, Essay examples

College Essay Seventeen free essay sample

I am seventeen. I am ignorant, impolite and irresponsible. I lie, cheat, and hate for no apparent reason. I am unkind, self-centered, and rude. I have never known grief, disappointment, or despair. I refuse to talk to my parents about my life, preferring to spread insignificant gossip with my friends. I speed down slick, country roads pushing 90 miles an hour, causing car accidents and conflicts wherever I go. I am oblivious to all current events and worldly situations, present or past. I am noisy, fake, and obnoxious. I smoke and drink at every opportunity and am, to all outside eyes, completely lost within myself and this world. I am a teenager, one of the most stereotyped age groups in existence. Ironically, I have been unfairly placed under the far too common stereotype of a reckless youth who is unaware, unkind, and unappreciative. I am the nuisance of the world; causing more avoidable car accidents, misusing all of my free time, and sleeping through most of my required high sch ool classes. When people look at me, they examine through self-tinted lenses, colored with doubt, distrust, and disgrace. For these reasons, along with hundreds more, the generations before me are terrified of the day that I become an adult because the world will then, without a doubt, crumble apart in the hands of a newly turned eighteen year old. Most of these people will never find out how modest, compassionate, and generous I actually am. I am a devoted daughter, a dedicated student, a loyal friend, and a selfless volunteer. I am an associate, a photographer, and an artist. I voice my opinions and don’t change them just because one of my peers vehemently disagrees. I love, dislike, and show indifference. I do not judge or put others down because their dreams are far calmer than what I can’t contain within my wild mind. Some would interpret those dreams as improbable, maybe even impossible, but I have the ambition to make them a reality. I will go to college not onl y to find lifelong friends, but to push myself one step closer to the goals I want so badly. Through kind actions, intellectual discussions, and genuine consideration, I will change the stereotypes that are wrongly placed upon me and my peers. One word, one person, one day at a time, I will show those who judge that we are not inferior. Although I am sure that when I am older and wiser there will be, yet another, group of ungrateful, impolite, and uncontrollable youth, I hope I will be able to hold onto these memories and look beyond the labels and see the true individuals inside. For now, I will remain honest, independent, and passionate, but, most importantly, I am simply me: seventeen.

T.S. Eliots The Wasteland Essays - Literature, Poetry,

T.S. Eliot's The Wasteland Uncusessfull male, female relationships are prevelant thourghout T.S. Eliots poem The Waist Land. Eliot reies on literary contrasts to illustrate the specific values of meaningful, effectual Ceremonies are prevalent throughout T.S. Eliots poem The Waste Land. Eliot relies on literary contrasts to illustrate the specific values of meaningful, effectual rituals of primitive society in contrast to the meaningless, broken, sham rituals of the modern day. These contrasts serve to show how ceremonies can become broken when they are missing vital components, or they are overloaded with too many. Even the way language is used in the poem furthers the point of ceremonies, both broken and not. The imagery of a primal ceremony is evident in the passage found in section V of The Waste. The last line of He who was living is now dead shows the passing of the primal ceremony; the connection to it that was once viable is now dead. The language used to describe the event is very rich and vivid: red, sweaty, stony. These words evoke an event that is without the cares of modern life- it is primal and hot. A couple of lines later Eliot talks of red sullen faces sneer and snarl/ From doors of mudcracked houses (ll. 344-345). These lines too seem to contain language that has a primal quality to it. From the primal roots of ceremony Eliot shows us the contrast of broken ceremonies. Some of these ceremonies are broken because they are lacking vital components. A major ceremony in The Waste Land is that of sex. The ceremony of sex is broken, however, because it is missing components of love and consent. An example of this appears in section II, lines 99-100, The change of Philomel, by the barbarous king/ So rudely forced; this is referring to the rape of Philomel by King Tereus of Thrace. The forcing of sex on an unwilling partner breaks the entire ceremony of sex. Rape is not the only way a broken sex ceremony can take place. The broken ceremony can also occur when there is a lack of love, as shown in lines 222-256. This passage describes a scene between the typist and the young man carbuncular. What passes between these two individuals is a sex ceremony that is devoid of love and emotion (except for, perhaps, the emotion of lust on the part of the young man). The typist is indifferent to the whole event and the young mans vanity requires no response (l. 241). For a ceremony to be effective, the participants have to have some degree of faith in what they are doing. They must believe that the ceremony will result in something worthwhile. The participants in this broken ceremony had no faith in what they were doing; they were just going through the motions. This is made obvious when the secretary says Well now thats done: and Im glad its over. (l. 252). Another way that broken ceremonies (broken due to lack of components) are presented in the poem, are ceremonies of nature. It seems as though the waste land is always waiting for the ceremony of rain, the bringing of water, to the dry land. For most of the poem the water never arrives because there is always something missing. In lines 331 and 332 Eliot says, Here is no water but only rock/ Rock and no water. In line 342 there is, dry sterile thunder without rain. The lack of water in ceremonies of nature that require it, lead to a broken ceremony.. Even at the beginning of the poem Eliot tells us that we, know only/ A heap of broken images, where the sun beats,/ And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief,/ And the dry stone no sound of water. (ll. 21-24). Clearly this is wrong, and this lack of water is a main theme, and a main broken ceremony in The Waste Land. Conversely, ceremonies can also be broken when there are too many components in the ceremony, a something extra that serves to break them. In The Waste Land this is demonstrated by the presence of a third person in a ceremony that should contain only two. In

Gryposaurus - Facts and Figures

Gryposaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Gryposaurus (Greek for hook-nosed lizard); pronounced GRIP-oh-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (85-75 million years ago) Size and Weight: Up to 40 feet long and five tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Long, narrow skull; large bump on nose; occasional bipedal posture About Gryposaurus In most ways a typical hadrosauror duck-billed dinosaurof late Cretaceous North America, Gryposaurus was distinguished by the prominent, arched bump on its nose, from which its name {hook-nosed lizard) derives. As with other such ornately equipped dinosaurs (like the horned, frilled ceratopsians), paleontologists speculate that this feature evolved as a sexually selected characteristic that is, males with bigger, more prominent noses were more attractive to females during mating season. However, Gryposaurus may also have used its giant schnozz to honk and blare at fellow herd members, o alert them to skulking raptors and tyrannosaurs, and (somewhat less probably) it may even have poked the flanks of these predators with its nose in an attempt to drive them away. Like other hadrosaurs, the 30-foot-long, two-ton, plant-eating Gryposaurus was similar in behavior to modern bison and buffaloand the numerous fossil specimens that have been discovered across North America are a strong hint that this duck-billed dinosaur roamed the continent in herds (though whether these herds contained a few dozen, a few hundred, or a few thousand individuals is impossible to say). However, theres one important difference between these ancient hadrosaurs and modern cattle (or wildebeest): when startled by predators, Gryposaurus could run briefly on its two hind legs, which must have made for a comical sight during stampedes! The name Gryposaurus is often used interchangeably with Kritosaurus, thanks to the confusion surrounding this dinosaurs taxonomic history. The type fossil of Gryposaurus was discovered in Canadas Alberta Province in 1913, and later described and named by the Canadian paleontologist Lawrence Lambe. However, the American fossil hunter Barnum Brown had discovered a similar genus a few years earlier, in New Mexico, which he named Kritosaurus (separated lizard). The Gryposaurus skeleton described by Lambe provided additional clues about the proper reconstruction of the Kritosaurus skeleton, and although Brown himself proposed that the two genera should be synonymized, they have both managed to survive down to the present day. (We wont even mention the suggestion of Jack Horner that both Gryposaurus and Kritosaurus should be synonymized with Hadrosaurus!) Today, there are three generally accepted species of Gryposaurus. The type species, G. notabilis, is known by about two dozen skulls, as well as two more complete specimens that had originally been assigned to a since-synonymized species, G. incurvimanus. A second species, G. latidens, was discovered in Montana; its represented by fewer individuals than G. notabilis, the hooked nose of this species was set farther down its snout and its teeth of which were less derived (harking back to those of the much earlier Iguanodon). Finally, theres G. monumentensis, named in 2007 after the discovery of a single individual in Utah. As you may have guessed from its name, this Gryposaurus species was larger than the others, some adults attaining 40 feet in length and weights in the neighborhood of five tons.

The Harmful Effects of Red Tides

The Harmful Effects of Red Tides â€Å"Red tide† is the common name for what scientists now prefer to call â€Å"harmful algae blooms.† Harmful algae blooms (HAB) are the sudden proliferation of one or more species of microscopic plants (algae or phytoplankton), which live in the ocean and produce neurotoxins that can cause negative and sometimes fatal effects in fish, birds, marine mammals, and even humans. There are approximately 85 species of aquatic plants that can cause harmful algae blooms. In high concentrations, some HAB species can turn the water a reddish color, which is the source of the name red tide. Other species can turn the water green, brown, or purple, while others, although highly toxic, do not discolor the water at all. Most species of algae or phytoplankton are beneficial, not harmful. They are essential elements in the foundation of the global food chain. Without them, higher life forms, including humans, would not exist and could not survive. Causes Red tides are caused by the rapid multiplication of dinoflagellates, a type of phytoplankton. There is no single cause of red tides or other harmful algae blooms, though abundant nutrients must be present in sea water to support the explosive growth of dinoflagellates. A common source of nutrients is water pollution. Scientists generally believe that coastal pollution from human sewage, agricultural runoff, and other sources contributes to red tides, along with rising ocean temperatures. On the Pacific coast of the United States, for example, red tide occurrences have been increasing since about 1991. Scientists have correlated the increase of Pacific red tides, and other harmful algae blooms with a rise in ocean temperature of approximately one degree Celsius as well as increased nutrients in coastal waters from sewage and fertilizers. On the other hand, red tides and harmful algae blooms sometimes occur where there is no apparent link to human activity. Another way nutrients are brought to surface waters is by powerful, deep currents along coastlines. These currents, called upwellings, come from nutrient-rich bottom layers of the ocean and bring to the surface massive amounts of deep-water minerals and other nutrients. It appears that wind-driven, near-coast upwelling events are more likely to bring the right types of nutrients to cause large-scale harmful blooms, while current-generated, offshore upwellings seem to lack some necessary elements. Some red tides and harmful algae blooms along the Pacific coast also have been associated with cyclical El Nino weather patterns, which are influenced by global climate change. Interestingly, it appears that iron deficiencies in sea water may limit the ability of dinoflagellates to take advantage of the abundant nutrients present. In the eastern Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of Florida, and probably elsewhere, large amounts of dust blown west from Africas Sahara Desert, thousands of miles away, settle on the water during rain events. This dust is believed to contain significant amounts of iron, enough to trigger large red tide events. Effects on Human Health Most people who become ill from exposure to the toxins in harmful algae do so by eating contaminated seafood, particularly shellfish. However, toxins from some harmful algae can also infect people by spreading through the air. The most common human health problems associated with red tides and other harmful algae blooms are various types of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and neurological disorders. The natural toxins in harmful algae can cause a variety of illnesses. Most develop rapidly after exposure occurs and are characterized by severe symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, dizziness, and headaches. Most people recover within a few days, though some illnesses linked to harmful algae blooms can be fatal. Effects on Animal Populations Most shellfish filter seawater to collect their food. As they eat, they may consume toxic phytoplankton and accumulate toxins in their flesh, eventually becoming dangerous, even deadly, to fish, birds, animals, and humans. The shellfish themselves are unaffected by the toxins. Harmful algae blooms and subsequent shellfish contamination can cause massive fish kills. The dead fish continue to be health hazards because of the risk that they will be eaten by birds or marine mammals. Economic Impacts Red tides and other harmful algae blooms have serious economic as well as health impacts. Coastal communities that rely heavily on tourism often lose millions of dollars when dead fish wash up on beaches, tourists fall ill, or shellfish warnings are issued because of harmful algae blooms. Commercial fishing and shellfish businesses lose income when shellfish beds are closed, or harmful algae toxins contaminate their fish. Charter boat operators are also affected, receiving numerous cancellations even when the waters they typically fish are not affected by the harmful algae blooms. Likewise, tourism, recreation, and other industries may be adversely affected even though they are not directly hurt by the algae. When a bloom is reported, many people grow cautious, even though most water activities are safe during red tides and other harmful algae blooms. Calculating the actual economic cost of red tides and other harmful algae blooms is difficult, and not many figures exist. One study of three harmful algae blooms that took place in the 1970s and 1980s estimated losses of $15 million to $25 million for each of the three red tides. Given the inflation that has occurred in the decades since the cost in today’s dollars would be significantly higher.

Customer Strategy Plan of FedEx Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Customer Strategy Plan of FedEx - Assignment Example FedEx main metrics to retain the company’s most valued customers starts with examining potential avenues that could lead to loss of customers. The company will work to develop different ways to build value and strengthen its commercial relationship. There are four pivotal strategies FedEx can apply to win the client’s loyalty. The first is customer segmentation which involves the process of grouping the clients into segments based on their needs and preferences (Beck, 2010). Segmentation will allow FedEx to outline the major clienteles persona based on past relationship with the company. The main aim of this process is to identify what clients are committed to FedEx, up to what level they are loyal and what category do they fall under. Loyalty according to Beck (2010) is a result of customer orientation, brands in the market, the business transaction model and the client’s decision making. This will assist FedEx to determine what segments provide better opportunities so that the company can focus its resources, beneficial clients. The second strategy is to prioritize the customer needs using innovative means to offer tailor-made services. After realizing the customer’s realities FedEx intends to rise to the challenge by delivering the best value revising its service, price, and marketing strategy to boost the customer’s loyalty. FedEx seeks to elevate its staff skills to enable them to identify the customer’s specific need so as to provide them with the best solution to their need. Improving the employee’ skills according to Kumar and Reinartz (2012) allow the prospective customers receive personalized service. FedEx will revisit its pricing strategies to ensure that certain clien ts enjoy special annual discounts without sacrificing profit margins.  

Emergency Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Emergency Management - Assignment Example The author is also keen to present the seven standards that define critical thinking in a bid to enlighten the reader. In the last chapters of the book, the author presents a review of the process involved in critical thinking. One of the concepts described in the definition of critical thinking. Using the SEE-I process it is possible to break down the definition of critical thinking ((Nosich 40). For example, certain political situations compel a leader to indulge in critical thinking. This is common when nations face economic recessions and a leader must think critically in a bid to identify effective strategies for addressing the issue. The globe is facing a new Ebola threat, which has proven to be more severe than those experienced in the past. West African countries have been adversely affected by the Ebola epidemic with a registered mortality of over 1000. This situation compels nations to indulge in critical thinking as they identify potential strategies of combating the spread of the disease. This may translate to a rigorous process of critical thinking that identifies the most effective solutions that leaders can adopt in their fight against Ebola (Frieden et al). Such critical thinking should consider the eight elements of reasoning highlighted in the assigned reading discussed

Method of data analysis Essay Example for Free

Method of data analysis Essay Thematic analysis was used to make meaningful deductions from the documented raw data. In thematic analysis, a concept is chosen for examination, and the analysis involves noting the frequency of its presence in the whole interview, and finding interrelations among the themes identified. The focus is at the occurrence of selected terms within a text or texts, although the terms may be implicit as well as explicit. While explicit terms obviously are easy to identify, coding for implicit terms and deciding their level of implication is complicated by the need to base judgments on a somewhat subjective system (Patton 2002). Simply put, the researcher read the documented surveys, and analyzed the inter-linkages of these responses. When responses are not explicit, inter-judge validation was used, with another researcher agreeing on the category under which the response may be grouped. The meaning and interpretation of each response was noted, and related to the organization’s overall profile. In this sense and taken as a holistic approach, the data from the chosen institution may be considered as a case study. Methodological Limitations The study also has methodological limitations. First, it did not make use of any other quantitative measure to study the phenomenon apart from qualitative procedure of thematic analysis (Patton 2002). Second, there was only one participant institution, Elfed and its responses may not be reflective of the population it represents (Zikmund 1997). It may be worth noting that the goal of the study is to generalize about the phenomenon across schools; thus, the use of participants from a cross-section of different learning institutions. Third, there were some time constraints on the part of both interviewer and interviewees, which may be a factor in the length of their responses or the duration of the interview. Had there been more time, more probing questions and more data may have been gathered. Moreover, since the study has been limited to an UK-based school, its conclusions may not be able to create a comprehensive generalization to other countries or regions. This is especially true when cultural and economic factors are taken into consideration. Biases in the responses may have occurred since the only source of primary data is the knowledge and perception of the interviewee. The respondent may not be so honest with their answers and express only what is socially desirable, especially because they were ‘carrying’ the name of their school. Logically, they would not want to put the school in a bad light. In addition, since the interviews were conducted at the place of work, the respondents may not be at ease in answering the questions. In effect, their responses may not be as candid or as honest (Denzin Lincoln 2000). Results and Discussion For this part of the study, the results gathered from both the interview and the focus group discussions will be presented in this part of the study. In addition to this, the results will be evaluated and examined with the literature presented in the review of related literature to gather any existing relationships or occurrences within the data gathered. For the first part of this section, the results of the focus group discussion will be presented and will be discussed.

Eating Disorders Essay -- essays research papers

Eating Disorders are extremely prevalent in today's society. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are characterized by gross disturbances in eating behavior. These disorders typically begin in adolescence or early adult life, affecting as many as "1 in 100 females between the ages of 12 and 18 (Bronwell & Foreyt 312)." Anorexia Nervosa is a complex disorder where the individaul refuses to maintain body weight over a normal weight for age and height. Also present, is an intense fer of gaining weight or becoming fat (Waller, Quinton, & Watson 127). People of this disorder say they "feel fat" even though they are obviously underweight or even emaciated. They become preoccupied with their body size and are usually dissatisfied with some feature of their physical apperarance (Bronwell & Foreyt 322). Weight loss is accomplished by a reduction of food intake. Self- induced vomiting or use of laxatives or diuretics are also common methods used to achieve weight loss. Many people with this disorder minimize the severity of their illness and are uninterested in, or resistant, to any type of therapy (Waller, Quinton, & Watson 152). Severe weight loss may eventually lead to hospitalization to prevent death by starvation. Bulimia Nervosa is a disorder in which the individual has recurrent episodes of binge eating. Self-induced vomiting usually terminates the binge (Browwell & Forey 335). Vomiting decreases the physical abdominal pain that occurs after an individual binges. Although binges may be pleasurble, self-criticism and a depressed mood often follow. People with this disorder exhibit great concern about their weight and make repeated attempts to control it by dieting, vomiting, or the use of diuretics (Bronwell & Forey 342). Weight fluctuations are common due to alternating fasts and binges. These people often feel that their life is dominated by conflicts surrounding eating. The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) is a reliable and valid measure of symptoms commonly found in an eating disorder. The test was designed by Garner and Garfinkle in 1979. It was designed as a screening device for the detection of clinical eating disorders (Boyadjieva & Steinhausen 1996). Many clinicians have suggested that eating disorders are caused by extreme body focus. The EAT-26 is a twenty-six item test which focuses on body self-evaluati... ... likely to gain internal control by disturbed eating patterns. Once again, the EAT-26 was given to 406 girls who attended sxhools in England. As a result, the Asian girls had more unhealthy eating patterns overall. Parental overprotection showed a significant effect upon the results. Ethical differences did remain significant (McCourt & Waller 1995). Poor eating attitudes are also a product of the contradicting social pressures that affect the whole family. Asian girls found their mother to be overcontroling, thus it was the mother who attempted to control the children's behavior. It is not yet known whether these perceptions are correlated with reality. However, the possible influences may be used during family therapy (McCourt & Waller 1995). Eating disorders are prevelant in many different kinds of cultures. There are many internal and external factors that play into the disorder. The EAT-26 is a reliable test used in detecting possible disordered eating patterns in individuals. With this disorder on the rise, these tests are needed in the detection of the unhealthy patterns. Detection leads to education, which leads to intervention, which leads to eventual termination.

Historically Australian Indigenous Art Is Often Politically or Spiritually Motivated Essay

Historically Australian art is often politically or spiritually motivated. This statement is proved by a number of indigenous Australian artists including, Nellie Nakamarra Marks, who uses traditional techniques and motives to relay her spirituality, and Tony Albert, who recontextualises mainstream items, to create a postmodern collection, challenging the idea of stereotypical representations in mainstream culture. All spiritual beliefs in Aboriginal culture relate back to the idea of creation and dreaming. The dreaming is the ongoing cultural and spiritual progression that informs identity and knowledge, which is expressed through traditional indigenous art. This reflects a spiritual connection to the land, which is represented by signs and symbols as well as other various techniques, which are unique to traditional indigenous art. Signs and symbols can represent a particular location, object or landmark, or a particular story or totem that would be specific to a particular tribe, corroboree or dreamtime story. In traditional indigenous artworks, there is no perspective or fixed vanishing points for landscape artworks because indigenous Australians do not see their environment as a landscape, but their particular world and universe. They create a concept of place by using signs and symbols to create a map-like artwork, which represents their particular ‘world’ and universe. Essentially, traditional indigenous Australian artists are painting their spirituality, by expressing their connection to the land through signs, symbols and their world. Nellie Nakamarra Marks is a traditional indigenous artist, from the east of Kintore in the Northern Territory. In her work Kalipinypa, there is no set pattern and everything is connected which suggests her spiritualty and connection with the land. Her use of the traditional form of dot painting for her particular area of the Central Desert Region symbolises her world as she sees it, and how she heard about it through stories. In the middle of the right hand side there is lack of colour, which could symbolise a particular place that has particular spiritual significance. The dark shapes also look like leaves, which could represent the end of season and the coming of autumn, which is supported by the deep, vibrant colours in the painting. The colours also represent her region and place in Australia. The many different varieties of the same shapes could symbolise diversity within their own tribe, as well as the different shapes and movements of the land. The purpose of this artwork is to educate and pass on a particular story to younger generations. Postmodern art challenges mainstream ideas, which usually creates a political or social statement about modern society. Contemporary indigenous art in particular would be classified as postmodern because the artists are communicating their feelings and thoughts about certain aspects of society in modern Australia, which in turn, challenges some pre conceived notions about indigenous Australians in today’s society. These particular works by Tony Albert are postmodern, because he recontextualises items from recent history, that were used to create an unrealistic connection between White Australia and indigenous Australia in the 50’s and 60’s, to challenge history, both politically and socially. Tony Albert’s collection recycles kitsch black velvet paintings produced in Australia in the 1950’s and 1960’s. These velvet paintings were very popular in the last fifty years as home decorations, and like many objects from this period, they were characterized by their depictions of Aboriginal people as simple folk. These ornaments enabled white Australians of the time to have a distant and unrealistic connection to indigenous people. Albert recontextualises these paintings by introducing stenciled slogans to the paintings to create a complex and identifiable character. He uses the languages of politics and pop culture to reconnect the artworks with modern Australia and therefore reality. These slogans reclaim the faces of the aboriginals, transferring them from helpless and cute, to bold and complex, which asserts a modern identity and sense of self. This makes the characters more personal, which then creates a connection between the viewer and the subject that is mimicked throughout the collection. The slogans are derived from pop songs, nursery rhymes, advertising, political speeches and life stories, which has launched these velvet paintings into a new identity, which enables the viewer to connect with the characters beyond a stereotyped context. The generic and common velvet paintings have become empowered and personalized, asserting a new sense of self, which makes this collection truly compelling. This collection by Tony Albert, addresses the issue of stereotypical representations of indigenous Australians in mainstream culture. He challenges this present and historic issue of cultural alienation and displacement experienced by Indigenous Australians by appropriating slogans and recontextualising them to create a sense of lost identity and estrangement. Through the use of many different mediums, Aboriginal artists are motivated by their spirituality or political standpoint to produce art. This is shown by Nellie Nakamarra Marks, who is motivated by her connection to the land and her spirituality, and Tony Albert, who was trying to communicate the stereotypical views of indigenous Australians in mainstream culture. Kalipinypa – NELLIE NAKAMARRA MARKS Acrylic on linen, 90? 90cm Kalipinypa – NELLIE NAKAMARRA MARKS Acrylic on linen, 90? 90cm.

Jack Davis ( No Sugar Essay)

NO SUGAR (JACK DAVIS) Jack Davis’ â€Å"No Sugar†, written in 1985, is a play that highlights Australian racism and cultural destruction caused by British colonialism. It is set in 1929 (Great Depression) in Northam, Western Australia. The play explores the impacts of the European social and political philosophy of the early 20th century on Aboriginal society. The focal points of this play are the superiority of white people, racism, and the bond between Aboriginal families. These themes highlight Australian culture, and have shaped it into its many different forms for all Australian’s today.Jack Davis has used dialogue between the characters in this extract to privilege a postcolonial reading of the text. Davis uses dialogue in order to construct a world in which the aboriginal people can be identified to the audience as an ill-treated, oppressed race. Davis uses dialogue to represent how the colonized react to the social situations in which they were subjugated to, on a regular basis in the early times of colonization. â€Å"CISSIE: Aw mum, Old Tony the ding always sells us little shriveled ones and them wetjala kids big fat one. Through this dialogue the audience identifies that society at the time did not allow the colonized to be classed as the same standard as the colonizer. Davis lends this text to a postcolonial reading through the use of characterization. The use of characterization in the play reinforces the idea that the characters amplify a sort of submission to English culture displays to the audience the effect of colonization. Although the characters retain many of their aboriginal attributes, such as living off the land â€Å"Come on, let’s get these rabbits. They have allowed themselves and their culture to be colonized by accepting many of the British attributes such as playing cricket â€Å"DAVID and CISSIE play cricket with a home-made bat and ball. † The aboriginal people have allowed themselves to colon ized acquiring British aspects, which coincide with their aboriginal heritage. Through this extract the characters also begin to read the paper, the combination of the children playing cricket and the elder reading the paper appears from an outside point perspective a very British activity. Looking at the context, which surrounds the writing of the play, can also support a postcolonial reading.Another device used by Davis is stage directions principally used to invoke or create a rising dramatic tension, an example of this is â€Å"He nicks his finger with the axe and watches the blood drip to the ground. † This is symbolic of the Aboriginals manifesting frustration; they are inflicting pain on themselves because they know it isn’t possible to inflict pain on their conquerors. Jimmy’s character represents the rebellion of any marginalized race; he pushes the boundaries as far as he can. The fact that Aboriginals are â€Å"dancing† for the white Australian s shows their power.This dancing is a form of service provided by the Aboriginals, they are expressing their culture but to the people who have destroyed it. It could almost be read as a child trying to get an adults attention by jumping around and holding out what they want. To Jimmy these dancing Aboriginals are jumping around and showing the White Australians that they want their culture back. This reach out to white settlers shows how much more dominate they are and their culture is. Through the use of dramatic conventions Jack Davis’ play No Sugar can be read as a postcolonial criticism.It presents a number of issues with colonization and the particular effects it had on the Australian Aboriginal people. First performed in 1985, the play deals with the struggles of the aboriginal people and oppression in which they endured by white Australian society. The play was set in 1929, a time when aboriginal people were not yet accepted as equals in society. The main ideas presen ted in the play are shown through the dialogue, characters and context. This extract uses techniques to set the basis for the idea’s that will be expressed throughout the entire play.

Born Again

Born Again Born Again: A Comparison of Two Tales of ?The Lady with the Pet Dog? by Anton Chekhov and Joyce Carol Oates While the topics of love lost and hope reborn are common themes in literature, Anton Chekhov and Joyce Carol Oates tell two unconventional tales of love lost, and then born again in their versions of ?The Lady with the Pet Dog?. Reaching across time, culture and two continents, Chekhov and Oates tell tales of hidden love that reach deep into the lives, fears and hopes of married men and women who struggle to reach beyond their unfulfilling and loveless marriages to find love, hope and acceptance from others.In Chekhov?s version, we read the story of Dmitry Gurov, a middle-aged married man who meets young Anna Sergeyevna, while both are vacationing alone in the 19th century Russian resort town of Yalta. Oates updates this tale with her version, telling the story of Anna and a man only identified as ?the stranger? who meet in modern-day Nantucket, Massachusetts.Joyce Carol Oates, 2006

An Understanding of Sports Sponsorship in India

An Understanding of Sports Sponsorship in India 1. Introduction The boost in competition, produced by the globalization of markets, had made the marketing mix a key factor for companies to be successful, or even to stay alive (Hollensen, 2003). Promotion has become ever more useful to have an effect on consumers’ attitudes and behaviour as a part of the marketing mix. Conventionally, promotion was consisted of advertising, PR and sales promotions (Vignali, 1997). Nevertheless, in modern years, there has been a substantial improvement in sponsorship of organasations and events in the fields of the sports, arts, social aid and broadcasting. This improvement has placed sponsorship at the same level of significance than most conventional promotion tools, particularly advertising (Lardinoit and Derbaix, 2001). In 2004, as per the projections, global spending in sponsorship was estimated to reach US $28 billion (from $23.6 billion in 1999 and $2 billion in 1984), of which 69% relates to sporting events (Meenaghan, 2001). Sponsor ship is a business-related activity where one party allows another a chance to utilize an association with a target audience in exchange for funds, resources or services. Sponsorship activities are used by organisations in a various ways to create brand associations, awareness and to penetrate through the clutter of commercial messages (Fill, 2009). Sponsorship can also be defined as † an investment in cash or kind in an activity, in return for access to the exploitable commercial potential associated with that activity. The company promotes its interests and brands by tying them to a specific and meaningful related event or cause† (Rowley and Williams, 2008). Sponsorship investment primarily was perhaps seen as a type of philanthropy; the sponsors may be expecting simply goodwill or nothing as a return (Quattrocchi, 2004; Chadwick and Thwaites, 2005). Considerable amount of sponsorship investments were carried out with no precise explanation or business objective except for helping a favourite sport or event (Davies and Quattrocchi, 2002). As a result in quiet few cases, sponsorship has been talked about as a kind of corporate philanthropy that is the company’s share of profits restored back into community (Polonsky and Speed, 2001). Though, lot of researchers affirmed that corporate philanthropy that used to be ascertained as a pure dedication to the community did look for circumlocutory benefits in corporate image, positive attitude towards the company or social recognition in the community, which similar to desired objectives of business sponsorship nowadays (Martnez et al. 2005). Sponsorship investment has been escalating quickly for many years and sport is the biggest area that has been used by sponsorships (Drewer, 2006). Numerous researchers have been produced to reveal how sponsorship works and how its results could be evaluated hypothetically, but the questions still remain debating (Cornwell et al. 2005). Sport has developed into a professional product or a service over the years. The increasing relevance in professional sport has turned it into a productive business, producing great revenues annually (Mason & Cochetel, 2006). Sport players and games have become commercial possessions offering companies new occasions to communicate and develop their brands (Morgen, 2004). Given the verity that sport sponsorships are usually more profitable compared to art or social cause sponsorships (Walliser, 2003), it can be concluded that sport sponsorship is an instrument of communications that ought to be given serious thought as a business investment. The allocations of limited resources with the purpose of attaining definite organisations’ objectives are important segments of sport sponsorship (Slack and Bentz, 1996). Therefore, it has repeatedly been described as a strategic activity in the marketing literature (Carter, 1996).

To what extent advertising affects women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

To what extent advertising affects women - Essay Example In a more specific term, the paper will critically analyze the effects of advertisement to the female or women audience relative to the use of sex, female models, women as sex objects and the superwoman. Before examining the effects of advertisements to the female audience, it is important to have an overview on what is advertising. In brief, advertising is the tool used to promote a product or a service to the intended market or audience. Advertisements are used to draw the attention of the consumers and prospect market and highlight the importance or the characteristics of the product or service. In the earlier years of advertising, barbershops used strips of red, white, and blue to advertise their services. However, due to the enhancement of technology, many had used every medium platform to advertise. Today, advertising has many forms which come from print to multimedia, and down to social networking websites (Petley 4). In relation to the term gender role, it is defined as the norms of a certain culture that is associated with the male and female. Therefore, in order for advertisements to be effective in a certain culture, advertisers must learn the past, the origin, and the current gender roles of the target audience. In certain societies, men and women have lesser differences; however, there are also societies where the masculine values are considered higher than the feminine values. Nonetheless, according to McArthur and Resk, in most of the cultures, gender roles differ in six major aspects, which include credibility, role, location, persuasive arguments, rewards and product type (qtd. in Ifezue 15). Credibility differs among men and women in most cultures because men are considered more authoritative than women. This can be supplemented by independent roles that man portrays, while women portray roles that are dependent on their relationships with other people. Due to the authority of men,

Data analyses & Findings Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Data analyses & Findings - Dissertation Example However, student response rate was poor even though they had been informed of the purpose of the research. Anonymity too was assured but due to reasons unknown to the researcher, the students were not too willing to participate in the study. The findings from the survey are presented separately and then the interview findings is discussed and compared along with relevant theories. Some of the important data from the survey has been presented in the form of bar charts for convenience of understanding. The interview finding is not presented separately as there was just one interview taken. 4.2 Student Survey Questionnaires Distributed: 250 Responses received: 23 Response Rate: 8% It must be noted that 8% is considered a poor response rate. 4.2.1 Marketing efforts of the College The first set of responses reveals the marketing efforts made by the college. Student demographics Out of the 23 responses received, the highest number of students is from Nigeria (17%) but countries such as Ind ia, China and Pakistan too have a strong presence (Chart I). Chart I Country of Origin Source of information Students have cited different sources of information but an equal weightage has been found for recommendation from ex-students, word-of-mouth from friends or relatives and many have even come to know of the college through overseas seminars conducted by the college (Chart II). A very small percentage of respondents have obtained information through the internet. Chart II Source of information Various reasons have been cited for selecting this particular college. Almost 37% of the respondents selected the college because of the affordable fees while other prominent reasons include recommendation from others, reputation and the courses on offer (Chart III). Some have decided to study at this college because there were representatives of the college in their own country (India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka). In fact 91% of the respondents have found the fees affordable and the others t hat did not find it affordable, opted for the college because of support in visa process. The college does not offer scholarships and despite this, students have decided to study at this college. This only demonstrates that fees are affordable as has been admitted by 91% of the respondents. Chart III Factors influencing college selection College website Eighty three percent of the respondents accessed the college website to gather information although only 61% were satisfied with the available information (Chart IV). Many (22%) were not satisfied with the information and details on hostel accommodation, faculty, and overview of London and college life in general, were found to be lacking. However, some even found that course details and affiliations with universities helped them decide for this college. Chart IV Information through website 4.2.2 Student experience during and after the admission process Many students (39%) faced immigration and visa problems. People from countries su ch as India, Nigeria, Philippines, Pakistan and Mongolia faced problems. They all found the process very lengthy and involving too much of paper work. They found it ‘painfully complicated’ and ‘time-consuming’. Upon arrival also only 61% of the respondents admitted that their expectations were met. The others faced problems as they were not allotted accommodation

Greek and spanish economy over the past three years Essay

Greek and spanish economy over the past three years - Essay Example The year 2007 saw one of the most devastating of all financial crises of all times, which swept over the entire globe. Greece was in a rather juvenile phase during that time as it had not gained ample experience over its past phase of recovery, when the nation had depended substantially on transfer payments from its neighbours. Hence, it was expected that the nation could not avoid a financial crisis. The Ministry of Economy of Greece expected a fall in the annual economic growth rate from 3.6% to 2.4% between 2007 and 2011. Prior to the shock, the nominal economic growth rate in Greece was found to be 4% in the first quarter of 2007. However, given the high rate of inflation integral to that of the nation, the real economic growth rate turned out to be much lower than was officially recorded. The true figures have been presented in the underlying graph. The annual average growth rate, adjusted for inflation, had been recorded at 0.95, 0.18 and -0.65 respectively during 2007 to 2009. These extremely low figures give a hint about the failure of the national government in reviving the economic conditions of Greece. In addition to the poor GDP growth figures, the problems of unemployment and inflation had plagued over the economy since 2007, though improvements have been made in various developmental aspects like those of education, poverty and health. The rate of inflation had reached a peak during 2008, when the average rate had lingered around 4% throughout the year, i.e., by the middle of the term of the newly elected ND government. Though the situation slightly improved by the middle of 2009, it again went unbound by the end of the year (refer to Figure 1.2). Philips curve model of inflation imposes the fact that the rate of inflation prevailing in a nation is inversely related to the rate of unemployment it is experiencing. A similar

Vodafone Advertising Strategies Analysis

Vodafone Advertising Strategies Analysis Marketing Strategy is a key part of overall corporate strategy, which is concerned with developing plans for finding out what customers want and then effectively meeting their requirements. Vodafones marketing aim is to attain market leadership, network quality and maximize the customer satisfaction. They strategy used by Vodafone is customer focused and product led; the company is continually developing new products and services which utilise the latest technological advances. The aim is extended to provide the customers with e value added services and also competitive charges to the existing customers. The objective of the study is to understand the advertisement strategies adopted by Vodafone Essar in India, and to study the effectiveness of the campaign of Vodafone- Indian Premiere League Season 2 and to make a study of effectiveness of the advertisement strategies of Vodafone in their current market. Vodafone is the most valuable as well as leading international telecommunication company. It has partnered a joint venture in the Indian market with the Essar Group. Essar is a perfect example of the diversified business corporation which is spanning the services and the manufacturing sectors, for eg, steel, shipping and logistics, communications, energy etc. This group has a base asset of about 400 million rupees and an employee group of more than 20,000 people. 21st September 2007, the launch of memorable joint venture, the Vodafone Essar group. Vodafone in India was welcomed with a fantastic phrase Hutch is now Vodafone campaign. Hutch was as it is very famous among people of India, now it was wisely transitioned to Vodafone. This was a significant chapter in the history of telecom, as the evolution of Vodafone, considered to be a very dynamic and at the time ever-growing brand. This brand across India was unveiled country wide through high profile ad-campaign. This migration of Hutch to Vodafone was the fastest and most comprehensive in the history, with 400,000 multi-brands outlets, from which over 350 were Vodafone stores, over 1,000 mini stores, over 35 mobile stores and over 3,000 touch points that were rebranded within 2 months. The company now has 74.08 million customers**. It has earned titles over the years that are Most Respected Telecom Company, the Best Mobile Services in the Country, Most Creative and Most Effective Advertiser of the Year. The study has found out that the advertisement strategies that have been used by the Vodafone Essar have give them better results by increasing their sales. This fact has been proved by the various research tools that can be used such as the correlation, hypethesis testing. This research will sure help the companies to work and improve their advertising strategies, because advertisements are the best ways to convince the people about our brand or product, and make their minds to go and get them. Problem Statement The research statement is To study and analyze the effectiveness of the advertisement strategies adopted by the Vodafone Essar Group The above problem statement quoted is not exactly a research that is to be performed instead it is an analysis to find out whether the advertisement of Vodafone Essar were effective or not. This study will definitely benefit the company by suggesting them if any future changes required in the present strategies. This will also help them in attaining good result in the next financial year with better sales. Research Objectives The objectives of the research are To understand the advertisement strategies of Vodafone Essar. A study of the effectiveness of the campaign used in the Indian Premiere League season -2. To study the effectiveness of the advertisement strategies in the current the market condition. Vodafones Marketing Strategies : Hutch to Vodafone Re-branding of Hutch with Vodafone Vodafones new advertisement strategies started with the very same and familiar character of pug, brand ambassador of Hutch, the hutch dog. Tagline previously was wherever you go, our networks follows with the pug following the child wherever he goes. The message given with the brand transition exercise was The new Vodafone is the same old Hutch. In the advertisement the pug finds a new house after it returns from an outing and feels that the new change is better. They came with the new catch phrase Make the most now. Vodafone had also tied up with the entertainment channels like Star India to run the advertisements and completely roadblock it for 24-hours with the rebranding campaign. Vodafone used all its commercial airtime on 13 channels in 5 different languages from 9pm 20th September to 9pm 21st September to show this campaign. Promotion of the Re-branding to the public Conventionally if we see, for any rebranding to be promoted requires ample period of time. But this challenge was readily taken by Star Network and Maxus, to make it as fast as possible by road blocking the channels on the day of rebranding taken place. Since Star is the leading network in India, this platform proved itself to be very beneficial for the launch of the Vodafone. This not only helped in promoting the brand awareness but also breaks the clutter going on the most happening sector of telecom. The print media came into picture on 21st September one day after the splash from the television. While the rebrand campaign were doing their work on television on the other hand the company was preparing itself to fight the price war, which was again very important factor firstly in telecom sector and secondly in the Indian market. Entry of Vodafone in the Handsets Market Vodafone also launched low-costs handsets to its new subscribers under the Vodafone brand and also co-branded the handsets sourced from the other global vendors. This was done by bringing many low- costs handsets from around the world into India. Vodafone distributed these handsets through its network of 400,000 outlets. By doing all this Vodafone also became a mass mobile phone brand along with continuing to stay as the telecom service provider. The above strategy was used by the CDMA players like RCOM and TATA Tele-services but Vodafone was the first GSM to do this. The Vodafone, a communication leader in an increasingly connected world also enriches the lives of the consumers, helping the individuals, businesses and also the communities to be more connected by delivering them their total communication needs. Vodafones logo is itself a representation of that belief the start of a new conversation, a trigger, a catalyst, a mark of true pioneering. Advertising is the most frequently used tool to support or promote the rebranding, also its very easy, flexible and quick to change. There are also many examples where advertising has rebranded and repositioned or strengthen brands. There were also examples which developed strong emotional link with the public. The advertising agency of Hutch and now Vodafone, O M(Ogilvy and Mather) had two-folded task to do, first to announce the entry of Vodafone to India and second to highlight the transition of Hutch to Vodafone. Which they did very wisely with the pug, in a campaign they showed the pug coming out of the pink kennel and then entering into the red one, the pink color depicted Hutch whereas the red depicted the Vodafone. A more energetic and chirpier version of the song You and Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ tune associated with Hutch was also played towards the end and it concludes Change is Good, Hutch is now Vodafone. Advertising agency that proved the success of Vodafone OM also introduced four commercials, which had animated boy and a girl who launched the logo of this new brand to consumers. The four creatives which were merely of 5 seconds included the duo peeping over the wall just to see the logo; parasailing with the logo flying high behind them; releasing a rocket bomb where the explosion in the air reveals the brand logo; and last was the trendy one in which curtain was raised in order to introduce the logo. Another bunch of four advertisements casted the very old Hutch dog pug. These commercials were of 10 seconds and they shot pug in the situations where he literally, saw red, color created the visual impact on the consumers this strategy made the public remember the color of the brand. The pug was shown in a basket that was red in color, popping from a red cart, drying itself on a mat which was also red in color, finally hiding itself in a beautiful red color blanket. Here also the target was fulfilled with the help of the punch line Hutch is now Vodafone. The print ads were working in their own way, in various languages and in various dailies. These print ads were made very simple as in a still shot of the pug was taken inside a red colored kennel. The same creative was used on the outdoor hoardings as well, in all the 16 circles in which Vodafone was now operating. It wasnt easy as it seems to be to integrate the two brands like Hutch and Vodafone. Hutch as is known is a subtle, understand the brand, while globally, Vodafone represents high energy, dynamics and young vitality, all these were represented by its bright red speech mark logo. And because of all this it always had a very energetic background music and feel of the ads. A few advertisement include Hutch is now Vodafone: if we watch any of the start channels or tuned to the 20-20 world cup, the ads were seen. On 11 February 2007, Vodafone agreed to acquire the controlling interest of 67% held by Cheung Kong Holdings in Hutch-Essar for US$11.1 billion and now had to rebrand itself so it had decided to run a new ad series which piggy banked on Hutchs dog mascot and the theme Change is Good. This required nearly 250 crores of spending by Vodafone, but they have successfully painted the town into their color that was red. The most interesting part of it was the 24 hours roadblock that was done on the day of rebranding on the channels of Star network, so that other than this one no other commercials was aired(apart from the in-channel promos). Vodafone also came up with the Valentine Day Special Ads: Vodafone released a very sweet and simple ad of the musical greetings that were targeted at the couples during the Valentine week. The feature of the campaign is its simplicity and believability and is quite well received. It uses the positioning Make the Most of Now enjoy the video. Vodafone Chota Credit Ink Ad: this ad came as a refreshing change and more so that this ad takes a very refreshing look at the school and at fountain pens. This ad creates very wonderfully subtle message which really puts the point of Chota(small) credit across. Vodafone and the Funny Advertisements Everyone likes Funny commercials. Creative people like creating them. Advertiser are pleased to be running them. The consumers enjoy watching them.(Roman and Mass, 1976) In market today there is a lot of competition among the producers, and a lot of choices among the buyers. There is actually a race for proving that one product is better than the other. Producers/ sellers apply a lot marketing skills and advertising strategies in gaining the attention of the public in market. Its a human nature to get attracted towards the things that relieve their minds from hectic schedule. Companies spend millions of dollars to make the public smile and make them buy their products. This can be done through the below ways: Funny ideas for advertisements Make customers Hoardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..use funny Billboard! Mascots dance to your tune by wearing funny costumes! Press the laughter button while they watch TV (zoo-zoo) Make Catchy Jinglesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Your stars would Twinkle!! Want heaps of money..Use inflatable that are funny Vodafone ZOOZOOZ Innovation is always a part of advertisements and the advertising agencies reach out for new ways to capture the prospective consumers heart. Vodafone capitalizes on the innovative ideas and always came with the new advertisements that took the brand on heights always. Out of all the commercials launched by Vodafone, ZOOZOOZ are the best. OM the mastermind behind Vodafone Zoozooz Advertisements and the main objective was to set the position of Vodafone as an innovative leader in the mobile services sector. The promotion strategy was to hit massive levels by maximising the target audience. IPL-2 was the best option for Vodafone to do go for. The advertising strategy behind it proved itself from the fact that the name Zoozooz got coupled with the brand Vodafone and gathered more publicity and reception than IPL. Repetition of the advertisements of Zoozooz may bore the viewers, so OM came up with new Zoozooz Ad every day. Zoozooz were the new brand ambassador for Vodafone, has created a furore in the advertising industry. Zoozooz succeeded in giving the exact makeover Vodafone was looking for along with amazing brand presence. ZOOZOOZ strategy hit in the market The main reason of the advertisement to succeed was that is was very well planned and launched during the time of the Indian Premiere League- 2 using it as its platform. Cricket in India in nothing less than religion, and Zoozooz captured attention of all those people who saw the matches, and this count was huge nearly 2 billion people were targeted through this campaign. People were so attracted that they use to wait eagerly for the break to come and to watch more stories of Zoozooz. Zoozooz has become such a hero in history of advertisements that people will not forget in generations to come. Zoozooz are basically animated character, with egg shaped head, round belly, but hands and legs are extremely thin. It was brand new and innovative concept and also Vodafone wonderfully promoted their services by creating different and more interesting stories featuring Zoozooz in it. The charm of the Zoozooz was so much that self-marketed strategy was also followed and they were instant success to the mass of people. Zoozooz for themselves created such huge audience and also gave boost to the brand of Vodafone. People were as it is excited about the cute and lovable character zoozoo, but this curiosity heighted when Vodafone disclosed that Zoozooz were not animated, rather humans were playing their characters. People became hungrier to know about their favourite Zoozoo. In the second phase Vodafone started promoting these characters on social media sites, which is considered to be a wise decision. People started joining fan club of Zoozooz on these social networking sites like Orkut, Facebook, Youtube, Twitter and many more. Also the communication started building amongst these people. Vodafone also came up with the Zoozoo goodies like zoozoo toys, zoozoo mugs, zoozoo keychains, zoozoo t-shirt, etc. Zoozooz have now become a brand. Vodafone Zoozooz are the new Hutch Puppies One often wonders what is it about these advertisements that they clicked the people to certain extent. Is it merely because the Zoozooz are cute or is it because of the humour that is the base theme of the advertisements. Whatever it may but it has given Vodafone, the worlds leading mobile telecommunications company. Zoozooz were launched in the IPL-2 whereas in 2008 i.e. IPL-1 Vodafone came up the advertisement with tagline as Happy to Help services. An animated character was hired in 25 commercials to promote the various Value Added Services(VAS). Vodafone operates in the Oligopoly. Oligopoly is a market structure that has unique features because it is characterised by few sellers and mutual interdependence. Price, Quantity and Revenue are the main players of this market. There are various price wars (cutting down the price) as well as non price wars taking place. Advertising is the non-price war where advertisements are the way to cut the chance of the competitors by making use of various strategies. How did this Ad contribute to revenue Revenue in the three months ended June 30, 2009 rose to 10.7 pounds ($17.7 billion), in line with analyst estimates, clearly proved that the Ad has contributed maximum. Vodafone CEO Vittorio Colao said that its total communications strategy was delivering well, with group data revenue 7 % higher than last years comparative period. He also said that the free cash flow generation was strong at  £ 1.9 billion, up 21%. But while Vodafone has shown signs of combating the recession; some areas of weakness still remained. Not considering the positive effect from foreign exchange fluctuations and acquisitions. Vodafone results also highlight several areas in its core businesses that require close attention. According to a report in the Telegraph on 24 July 2009, Vodafone the worlds largest mobile phone firm by revenues, reported sales in line with market expectations for that quarter to end-June as strength in India and Africa compensated for the weakness in Europe. According to CEO Vodafone added 8 million customers in this quarter, taking its proportionate customer base to 315 million. Growth in India and South Africa helped the mobile phone giant report a 9.3% rise in revenue in the three months to end of June to  £10.7 billion. Conclusion After going through the Advertisement Strategies of Vodafone, I conclude that promotion whether it be through print media or through the ads shown on television, plays a very important role in building a Brand. Hutch and Vodafone rebranding is the memorable and most big event in the telecommunication industry. And the advertisement made this event bigger by continuously broadcasting the ads for 24 hours on national television. The main motive is to make people know about your brand. And that is what is done excellently by Vodafone. The advertisement also puts a very big question in front of the other telecom companies, does having big movie stars and cricketers as their brand ambassador really help? Doesnt a simple white character with egg shaped head, round belly and thin legs called Zoozoo can gain the attention of masses. This is definitely a new trend and also a new wave. Thus it can be seen that oligopolistic market structure of this industry has played a significant role in the generation of revenue for Vodafone, especially through this unique advertising strategy.

Mechanisms of LSD :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Mechanisms of LSD: a Glimpse into the Serotonergic System In 1938, Albert Hoffman discovered, invented a substance that would revolutionize the American drug culture forever and would change how we, as psychologists and biologists, thought about psychosis. That substance was LSD. A simple molecule, LSD has the potency that no other drug has. Only a drop will produce the desired hallucinations and euphoria. In addition, it does not seem to be physically addicting, although tolerance to the drug can develop in as few as three days but disappears after week of abstinence. Much 'research' has been done into the actual effects of the drug. LSD most profound effect on behavior is the production of sensory distortions, such as hallucinations, and euphoria. It also produces dilated pupils, increased blood pressure, and increased heart rate (7, 9). However, little is know about the mechanisms by which it acts. It is known that LSD affects the serotonergic system in the brain. However, the actual ways in which it acts on that system to modify behavior remains unclear. Before we explore the current research into LSD, it may be helpful to review some of the ways in which serotonin affects behavior. Serotonin (also called 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter that is produced from tryptophan. Although serotonin is only produced by a small number of neurons (1000's), each of those neurons innervates as many as 500,000 other neurons (3,12). For the most part, these neurons originate in the Locus Coerleus (LC) and the Raphe Nuclei (RN) (12). The LC controls the release of n orepinephrine, a neurotransmitter/hormone that regulates the sympathetic NS. It also has neurons that extend into the cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus (12). The RN extends its projections into the brainstem and up into the brain (12). It has been suggested that neurons in this region of the brain may be responsible for the inhibition of sensation, thus "protecting the brain from sensory overload." (12) The fact that these two regions innervate virtually every part of the brain shows that serotonin can activate large portions of the brain from a relatively small area of origination. Serotonin seems to have an inhibitory effect on these neurons (1, 12). Thus, it would decrease the occurrence and frequency of action potentials in the neurons that it innervates. Because of this, it produces neural activity (of lack of activity) that are in some way an inhibition of behavior. Mechanisms of LSD :: Biology Essays Research Papers Mechanisms of LSD: a Glimpse into the Serotonergic System In 1938, Albert Hoffman discovered, invented a substance that would revolutionize the American drug culture forever and would change how we, as psychologists and biologists, thought about psychosis. That substance was LSD. A simple molecule, LSD has the potency that no other drug has. Only a drop will produce the desired hallucinations and euphoria. In addition, it does not seem to be physically addicting, although tolerance to the drug can develop in as few as three days but disappears after week of abstinence. Much 'research' has been done into the actual effects of the drug. LSD most profound effect on behavior is the production of sensory distortions, such as hallucinations, and euphoria. It also produces dilated pupils, increased blood pressure, and increased heart rate (7, 9). However, little is know about the mechanisms by which it acts. It is known that LSD affects the serotonergic system in the brain. However, the actual ways in which it acts on that system to modify behavior remains unclear. Before we explore the current research into LSD, it may be helpful to review some of the ways in which serotonin affects behavior. Serotonin (also called 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter that is produced from tryptophan. Although serotonin is only produced by a small number of neurons (1000's), each of those neurons innervates as many as 500,000 other neurons (3,12). For the most part, these neurons originate in the Locus Coerleus (LC) and the Raphe Nuclei (RN) (12). The LC controls the release of n orepinephrine, a neurotransmitter/hormone that regulates the sympathetic NS. It also has neurons that extend into the cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus (12). The RN extends its projections into the brainstem and up into the brain (12). It has been suggested that neurons in this region of the brain may be responsible for the inhibition of sensation, thus "protecting the brain from sensory overload." (12) The fact that these two regions innervate virtually every part of the brain shows that serotonin can activate large portions of the brain from a relatively small area of origination. Serotonin seems to have an inhibitory effect on these neurons (1, 12). Thus, it would decrease the occurrence and frequency of action potentials in the neurons that it innervates. Because of this, it produces neural activity (of lack of activity) that are in some way an inhibition of behavior.