How to Extend (or Decline) an Invitation in French

There are a number of different ways to extend, accept, and refuse invitations in French, with a tone that is either formal or informal.   The verb choice, word choice, and sentence structure  all play a big part in how invitations and responses are expressed. Role of Verb Tense and Mood, Person, Tone, and Structure Formal: In more formal invitations and responses, the speakers seek the highest standards of politeness and so choose sentences using the very polite conditional mood in the main clause. Whats more, the polite vous of the main verb is preferred, and the language is more elevated throughout.  Sentences also tend to be more complex in more formal communications. Informal: In informal invitations and responses, the simple present tense in any part of the sentence or phrase  is adequate to convey the intended message, meaning, and casual mood. Whats more, the main verb uses the informal tu form, and the language is light and often breezy.  Sentences or phrases tend to be short and to the point. Extending an Invitation In the phrases that follow, the blank ___ must be filled with an infinitive in French. In English, however, youd add either an infinitive or a gerund—depending on the verb that precedes it. Again, notice the difference in sentence structure for formal versus informal invitations and responses. Vous nous feriez trà ¨s plaisir si vous pouviez nous consacrer une soirà ©e. (formal) We would be delighted if you could spend an evening with us.Nous serions trà ¨s heureux de vous accueillir chez nous. (formal)   We would be very happy to welcome you to our home.Je vous invite à   ___ (formal) /  Je tinvite à   ___  (informal)   I invite you to ___Êtes-vous libre ? (formal) /  Tu es libre ? (informal) Are you free?Avez-vous envie de ___ (formal)   Do you want to ___?Tu as envie de ___ ?  (formal)   Do you feel like ___?Ça te dit de ___ ? (informal)   How does ___ sound?Et si on (mange, voit un film)  ?  (informal)   How about (eating, seeing a movie)?Venez donc ___ (formal) /  Viens donc ___  Ã‚  Come and ___Rà ©ponse souhaità ©eRSVP  (Rà ©pondez sil vous plaà ®t) Accepting an Invitation   Bonne idà ©e  ! (informal)   Good idea!Ça va à ªtre gà ©nial  ! (informal)   Thatll be cool!Ça va à ªtre sympa  ! (informal)  Ã‚  Thatll be nice!Cela me ferait grand plaisir.   I would be delighted.Cest gentil (de votre part).   Thats kind (of you).Daccord.   OK.Jaccepte avec plaisir.   I accept with pleasure. / Ill be happy to come.Je viendrai avec plaisir.   I will be glad to come.Je vous remercie. I  thank you. / Thank you.Oui, je suis libre.   Yes, Im free. Declining an Invitation Je me vois malheureusement obligà © de refuser. (formal)  Ã‚  Unfortunately, Im obliged to decline.Cest dommage, mais ___  Ã‚  Its too bad, but ___Cest gentil, mais ___  Ã‚  Thats kind, but ___Dà ©solà ©, mais ___  Ã‚  Im sorry, but ___Jai quelque chose de prà ©vu.   I have something planned.Je ne peux pas.   I cant.Je ne peux pas me libà ©rer.   Im unavoidably busyJe ne suis pas libre.   Ã‚  Im not freeJe suis occupà ©.   Im busy.Je suis pris.   Im otherwise engaged. Invitation-Related Verbs accepter (avec plaisir)   to accept  (gladly, with pleasure)  accueillir to welcomeinviter   to inviteune invitation   invitationrefuser   to decline

Production Management Free Essays

1. A nation’s ability to compete with other nations impacts a business’ strategy in the area of: A) Marketing B) Finance C) Operations D) Distribution E) All of the above 2. Competitiveness doesn’t include: A) Productivity B) Effectiveness C) Profitability D) Operations Strategy E) Operations Management 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Production Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cost cutting in international operations can take place because of A) lower taxes and tariffs B) lower wage scales C) lower indirect costs D) less stringent regulations E) all of the above 4. Operations management involves continuous decision-making; hopefully most decisions made will be: A) redundant B) minor in nature C) smart D) quantitative E) none of the above 5. A ‘product package’ consists of: A) the exterior wrapping B) the shipping container C) a combination of goods and services D) goods if a manufacturing organization E) customer relations if a service organization 6. Multinational organizations can shop from country to country and cut costs through A) lower wage scales B) lower indirect costs C) less stringent regulations D) lower taxes and tariffs E) all of the above 7. Product design and choice of location are examples of _______ decisions. A) strategic B) tactical C) operational D) customer focused E) design 8. Scheduling personnel is an example of an operations management: A) mission implementation B) operational decision C) organizational strategy D) functional strategy E) tactical decision 9. Productivity is expressed as: A) output plus input B) output minus input C) output times input D) output divided by input E) input divided by output 10. Which of the following is true about business strategies? A) An organization should stick with its strategy for the life of the business. B) All firms within an industry will adopt the same strategy. C) Well defined missions make strategy development much easier. D) Strategies are formulated independently of SWOT analysis. E) Organizational strategies depend on operations strategies. 11. Which of the following activities takes place most immediately once the mission has been developed? A) The firm develops alternative or back-up missions in case the original mission fails. B) The functional areas develop their functional area strategies. C) The functional areas develop their supporting missions. D) The ten OM decision areas are prioritized. E) Operational tactics are developed. 12. What term describes how an organization expects to achieve its missions and goals? A) conditional expectation B) tactic C) SWOT D) strategy E) competitive advantage 13. Which of the following is not a key step toward improving productivity? A) developing productivity measures for all operations B) improving the bottleneck operations C) establishing reasonable goals for improvement D) considering incentives to reward workers E) converting bond debt to stock ownership 14. The fundamental purpose of an organization’s mission statement is to A) create a good human relations climate in the organization B) define the organization’s purpose in society C) define the operational structure of the organization D) generate good public relations for the organization E) define the functional areas required by the organization 15. The ratio of good output to quantity of raw material input is called A) non-defective productivity B) process yield C) worker quality measurement D) total quality productivity E) quantity/quality ratio 16. Time-based approaches of business organizations focus on reducing the time to accomplish certain necessary activities. Time reductions seldom apply to: A) product/service design time B) processing time C) delivery time D) response time for complaints E) internal audits 17. Business organizations consist of three major functions which: A) overlap B) are mutually exclusive C) exist independently of each other D) function independently of each other E) do not interface with each other 18. The external elements of SWOT analysis are: A) strengths and weaknesses B) strengths and threats C) opportunities and threats D) weaknesses and opportunities E) strengths and opportunities 19. Which of the following is not one of the Ten Critical Decisions of Operations Management? A) location strategy B) human resources and job design C) managing quality D) design of goods and services E) determining the financial leverage position 20. Which of the following is true? A) Corporate mission is shaped by functional strategies. B) Corporate strategy is shaped by functional strategies. C) Functional strategies are shaped by corporate strategy. D) External conditions are shaped by corporate mission. E) Functional area missions are merged to become the organizational mission. 21. Operations management is applicable A) mostly to the service sector B) to services exclusively C) mostly to the manufacturing sector D) to all firms, whether manufacturing or service E) to the manufacturing sector exclusively 22. Which of the international operations strategies involves a focus on high cost reductions and low local responsiveness? A) international strategy B) global strategy C) transnational strategy D) multidomestic strategy E) none of the above 23. Which of the following is not a key factor of competitiveness? A) price B) product differentiation C) flexibility D) after-sale service E) size of organization 24. Gourmet Pretzels bakes soft pretzels on an assembly line. It currently bakes 800 pretzels each 8-hour shift. If the production is increased to 1,200 pretzels each shift, the productivity increases by: A) 50% B) 33% C) 25% D) 67% 25. An operation that processes less than a previous operation is called a: A) bottleneck B) multi-factor constraint C) parallel operation D) turnabout process E) tactical operation 26. Which of the following is not a type of operations? A) goods production B) storage/transportation C) entertainment D) communication E) all the above involve operations 27. Which one of the following would not generally be classified under the heading of transformation? A) assembling B) teaching C) staffing D) farming E) consulting 28. Which of the following is least likely to be a Cost Leadership competitive advantage? A) low overhead B) effective capacity use C) inventory management D) broad product line E) mass production 29. The ability of an organization to produce goods or services that have some uniqueness in their characteristics is A) mass production B) time-based competition C) competing on productivity D) competing on flexibility E) competing on differentiation 30. Which of the international operations strategies involves a focus on low cost reductions and high local responsiveness? A) international strategy B) global strategy C) transnational strategy D) multidomestic strategy E) none of the above 31. Which of the following statements best characterizes delivery reliability? A) a company that always delivers on the same day of the week B) a company that always delivers at the promised time C) a company that delivers more frequently than its competitors D) a company that delivers faster than its competitors E) a company that has a computerized delivery scheduling system 32. Which of the following best describes â€Å"experience differentiation†? A) immerses consumers in the delivery of a service B) uses people’s five senses to enhance the service C) complements physical elements with visual and sound elements D) consumers may become active participants in the product or service E) All of the above are elements of experience differentiation. 33. Product design and process selection are examples of decisions that are: A) financial B) tactical C) system design D) system operation E) forecasting 34. The responsibilities of the operations manager are: A) planning, organizing, staffing, procuring, and reviewing B) planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling C) forecasting, designing, planning, organizing, and controlling D) forecasting, designing, operating, procuring, and reviewing E) designing and operating 35. Which of the following is not true about systems approach? A) A systems viewpoint is almost always beneficial in decision making. B) A systems approach emphasizes interrelationships among subsystems. C) A systems approach concentrates on efficiency within subsystems. D) A systems approach is essential whenever something is being redesigned or improved. E) All of the above are true. 36. Which of the following is not a characteristic of service operations? A) intangible output B) high customer contact C) high labor content D) easy measurement of productivity E) low uniformity of output 37. Which of the following does not relate to system design? A) altering the system capacity B) location of facilities C) inventory management D) selection and acquisition of equipment E) physical arrangement of departments 38. Which of the following is not a benefit of using models in decision making? A) They provide a standardized format for analyzing a problem. B) They serve as a consistent tool for evaluation. C) They are easy to use and less expensive than dealing with the actual situation. D) All of the above are benefits. E) None of the above is a benefit. 39. Which of the following is the best example of competing on low-cost leadership? A) A firm produces its product with less raw material waste than its competitors. B) A firm offers more reliable products than its competitors. C) A firm’s products are introduced into the market faster than its competitors’ products. D) A firm’s research and development department generates many ideas for new products. E) A firm advertises more than its competitors. 40. Reasons to study Operations Management include learning about A) how people organize themselves for productive enterprise B) how goods and services are produced C) what operations managers do D) a costly part of the enterpriseE) all of the above How to cite Production Management, Essay examples

Self Analysis free essay sample

Self Analysis Speech Comparison Comparing my self-introduction speech (my first speech), to my persuasive speech (my last speech) was Interesting. They were completely different topics but with a slight growth In speaking ability. Such as eye contact and nervous body language, speech preparation and structure, and delivery of speech. First I am going to talk about the difference in eye contact and nervous body language between the first speech and the last speech.In my first speech my face as flushed a cherry red, was shaking, and every time I would try to make eye contact I would lose all train of thought. In my last speech I was not nearly as nervous, you could tell by the color of my face. I was not as nervous, so I wasnt shaking. I was still not great with eye contact but I could stay focused enough to look up and actually remember what I was talking about. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Next I am going to talk about the structure and preparation of each of my speeches.My first speech did not fulfill all four functions of the speech Introduction. I did not list my mall points In the introduction of the first speech but I did In my last. I could really see the difference; how following the format makes everything flow together. Like translator statements, I never saw the Importance In those until I watched myself without transition statements, what a mess. My persuasive speech followed much more of a pattern and was fluid. The last point I would like to discuss in the delivery of my speech. The delivery was still not up to par but I think I have made a vast improvement. My first speech was pretty shaky and the last speech had more oaf rock holding it down. I was much more confident in myself. I spoke strongly about my topic emphasizing words, to grasp the attention of my audience. So in conclusion if I had another semester of speech, I could maybe speak to large group of people, completely confident In my delivery. But I still have a touch of anxiety In preparing to speak and my writing skills still need some work.I am really happy with what I have achieved In the class, yes It could have been more If I was cougher on myself, but I cannot believe how much more comfortable I was being up there. So I give myself a seven, on the one to ten scale of improvement. Self Analysis By raiders (my last speech) was interesting. They were completely different topics but with a slight growth in speaking ability. Such as eye contact and nervous body language, was flushed a cherry red, I was shaking, and every time I would try to make eye speeches.My first speech did not fulfill all four functions of the speech introduction. I did not list my main points in the introduction of the first speech but I did in my last. Together. Like transition statements, I never saw the importance in those until I pretty shaky and the last speech had more of a rock holding it down. I was much group of people, completely confident in my delivery. But I still have a touch of anxiety in preparing to speak and my writing skills still need some work.

Galileo and the Stars essays

Galileo and the Stars essays I feel that the motivation of Galileos pursuits in Astronomy and stargazing was driven by his desire to be financially successful. Galileo was an extremely ambitious and clearly independent individual whose methods of generating scientific data epitomizes a survival of the fittest like struggle between all of the prominent scientists of his time. During Galileo's life there was no gray area of wealth like the middle class of today, and therefore you were either rich or poor. In Science and Patronage published by Westfall, the word friends connotation back then was not one of caring for another person and mutual support but rather defined in a financial type way of using ones connections to better ones self. There was patronage inside of patronage; therefore Galileo did not always see what he claimed to have seen, his associates might have though. Since patronage was the way of the world at this time as Galileo knew it made no sense for someone to swim against the current, for they would simply become tired and unsuccessful. Because of Galileo's position as a patron to the prince, many of his disciples were patrons to Galileo himself thus providing him data and insightful knowledge. Galileo in turn allowed the use of his name as a referral to help his disciples out. Surprisingly Galileo had only worked as a patron for those, which gave him enough money or got persuaded into his over exaggerated descriptions of what the moon really looked like. Galileo did not go into depth with many of the things he saw, instead he attempted to describe everything he saw vaguely in order to make sure he got credit for seeing it first. I feel that it is important to document your discoveries as Galileo had not only to get credit for seeing it first but to create a larger body of information that can be collaborated on amongst all of the people. It appears that as he wrote Sidereus Nuncius that he wasnt eve...

How Does AP Credit Work at Colleges

How Does AP Credit Work at Colleges SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Whether you already have five AP classes under your belt, or if you’re just considering whether to take AP classes at all, you may be wondering how exactly getting AP college credit works. This article will go over how different colleges grant credit for AP, and what you can do to maximize the amount of AP credit you earn. We will explore some different ways colleges grant AP credit, using specific universities as case studies. Possibility 1: AP Courses Grant Credit for Real College Classes The first way your AP credits could be used is to directly substitute for actual college classes. In this case, instead of taking, say, Chemistry 101, your 4 on AP Chemistry will count for that beginning course. So you’ll get the credit hours for taking the class – even though you took it back in high school! Plus you will be able to enroll in a more difficult course right off the bat. To see what this can look at, let’s look at my local state school, the University of Utah. They accept AP credit for many courses. Case Study: University of Utah AP exams – often with a score of 3 or higher – are enough to grant you credit hours for general education classes at the U of U and also place you into higher level courses. General Education at the University of Utah means any courses that fall in the following categories: Fine Arts, Quantitative Reasoning, Science, Social Science, Humanities, Fine Arts, or American Institutions. If you managed to have an AP class for each one of these general ed requirements, you could skip each one. Since the General Education requirements are designed to fill up the first year, skipping them would make it possible to graduate the University of Utah in just two or three years, depending on what you major in. (A degree in engineering will probably take longer than one in history, for example.) You couldn’t apply, say, both AP English Literature and AP English Language, since they waive the same requirement, but if you submit AP English Literature and AP Calculus AB you would fulfill two different requirements. While these Gen Ed requirements aren’t the same at every university, most universities have some variation of them – at the very least they'll require a course each in humanities, social science, science, and math. This is why taking a variety of AP classes can be helpful if you’re aiming to complete your generals in high school. Also, notice that at the U of U, you can often get more credit hours for 5’s than 3’s and 4s. So even at universities that accept 3s, there are still perks to earning 5s. Possibility 2: AP Courses Don't Get Credit, but Allow You to Skip Intro Courses There are some schools – particularly competitive ones – that don’t give you credit for AP classes. While they will use high scores to place you into higher-level classes freshman year, they won’t give you credit towards graduation. We'll take a look at Dartmouth College to see what this can look like. Case Study: Dartmouth One such school is Dartmouth. You can actually read a statement about their policy on AP credit here. To summarize, Dartmouth will use AP classes to place students in higher-level classes, but not for credit towards graduation. They revised their AP policy because they want students to take full advantage of Dartmouth courses and they’re worried AP courses aren’t true replacements for college level classes. So how does the credit work? To take an example, if you get a 5 on AP Micro Economics, you will be placed in an intermediate or advanced economics course right off the bat, but you won’t receive any credit for AP Micro itself. This can still be helpful if you’re excited to jump into higher classes or want to fit in a minor or double major. You can also be exempted from the foreign language requirement if you score high on an AP language test. So while AP courses won't get you credit at Dartmouth, they are still worthwhile since they will allow you to skip introductory courses. Possibility 3: A Mix of Both Some schools have a mix of both policies. In particular, some departments (say the history department or math department) might accept AP credit to place students in classes. But the school as a whole might have a policy on AP you can choose to take advantage of – for example Harvard’s advanced standing program. Case Study: Harvard So what is advanced standing?Think of it as skipping straight to sophomore year when you start college at Harvard. You can apply for it using your AP credits, and graduate in six or seven semesters instead of eight. You could also just use your AP credits to get into higher-level classes in particular departments or get out of the foreign language requirement, but not apply for advanced standing if you want to stay all four years. So should you apply for advanced standing? Harvard’s website has a lengthy discussion of why or why not a student may apply for it. Some students may prefer to take four years at Harvard undergrad so they don't have to decide their course of study too soon. Taking the full four years gives you more chances to try out classes in various departments. Others may take advantage of advanced standing to earn a masters within four years. In short, if you're lucky enough to go to Harvard, you can decide whether you want to use your AP credits to graduate faster, or if you would rather take four years of undergraduate classes to explore different interests. In either case, you can also use your AP credits to skip introductory courses in various departments. Sending Your Scores Before you can get any AP credit, after you graduate but before you start at your college, you have to send an official AP score report from College Board. While you self-report your AP scores on your college applications, you can only cash in on your AP credits by sending an official score report. This gives the official record of your scores to the registrar’s office. (Think of the registrar as the guidance counseling office of college.) Once the registrar has those scores, they can apply them to pre-requisite, general education, or other departmental requirements as the case may be at your college. Look out for our post on how to send AP scores to colleges if you want a more complete guide. Next Steps If you’re still in high school and wondering how AP credit will work for you, look up the policies at some of your top choices as well as your safeties. Start with College Board’s AP credit database, but also double check college websites to see what they say about AP credit. The database should provide a link to each college’s individual policy, but if not, search â€Å"[Name of College/University] Advanced Placement†. By looking up policies, you can get a sense of how the AP credits you have already earned will translate into college credit. This can also help you choose AP classes for future years. Take notice of AP exams that seem to be recognized at most of the schools you’re interested in. In many cases, AP math courses, particularly Calculus BC, can waive a math requirement or get you into higher level math classes. AP language courses are also often accepted as a way to waive a foreign language requirement. Also notice how high your passing score needs to be (for example, at the U of U, a 3 was fine for many classes, but Harvard only accepts 5s). If most of your schools require 5s to get credit, you have to study very hard! Also look and see if any AP classes you’re thinking about aren’t recognized in any way. Sometimes it can be harder to get credit for courses like Human Geography or Art History. This doesn’t mean to not take them. It does mean that you should only take them if you are really interested in the subject and would get a lot out of the class. What’s Next? How many AP classes should you take, anyway? Get an answer to that question here. AP classes aren’t the only thing that will get you into college – far from it. Your ACT/SAT score is a huge part of your application. Read about the ACT/SAT scores you need to be competitive at your top schools. Not sure when you should take the ACT/SAT for the first time? Find out here. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Humn Recourse Mngement in Indi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Humn Recourse Mngement in Indi - Essay Example It occupies Ð ° strÐ °tegic locÐ °tion in South Ð siÐ ° for internÐ °tionÐ °l trÐ °de. With Ð °n Ð °reÐ ° of 3.3 million squÐ °re km, IndiÐ ° is the second lÐ °rgest country in Ð siÐ ° Ð °nd the seventh lÐ °rgest in the world. Ð  former British colony, IndiÐ ° hÐ °s emerged Ð °s the lÐ °rgest democrÐ °cy in the world since independence in 1947. IndiÐ ° is the birthplÐ °ce of three of the world’s mÐ °in religions: Hinduism (Ð °bout 7000 yeÐ °rs BC), Buddhism (487 BC) Ð °nd Sikhism (1699 Ð D). IndiÐ °n society comprises six mÐ °in religious groups: Hindus (83.2 percent), Muslims (11 percent), Sikhs (2 percent), ChristiÐ °ns (2 percent), JÐ °ins Ð °nd Buddhists (less thÐ °n 1 percent). There Ð °re over three thousÐ °nd cÐ °stes. IndiÐ ° hÐ °s 179 lÐ °nguÐ °ges Ð °nd 544 diÐ °lects. The Constitution recognizes sixteen lÐ °nguÐ °ges, Hindi Ð °nd English being the two officiÐ °l lÐ °nguÐ °ges. IndiÐ ° hÐ °s one of the lÐ °rgest English-speÐ °king populÐ °tions in the Ð siÐ °-PÐ °cific region. The literÐ °cy rÐ °te for those over 15 yeÐ °rs of Ð °ge is 51 percent, but literÐ °cy is unevenly distributed (BudhwÐ °r, 2000Ð °). These fÐ °cts show the diverse nÐ °ture of the IndiÐ °n workforce. Though rich in culture Ð °nd nÐ °turÐ °l resources, IndiÐ ° currently fÐ °ces Ð ° number of problems: politicÐ °l Ð °nd religious instÐ °bility; ever-increÐ °sing levels of populÐ °tion; unemployment Ð °nd poverty; corruption in government offices; cÐ °stism; Ð ° low per cÐ °pitÐ ° income; instÐ °bility of output in Ð °griculture Ð °nd relÐ °ted sectors; slow privÐ °tisÐ °tion of the bloÐ °ted public sector; lÐ °ck of Ð °dequÐ °te intellectuÐ °l property protection; excessive bureÐ °ucrÐ °cy; Ð °nd Ð °n increÐ °sing gÐ °p between rich Ð °nd poor. The level of corruption in politics is rÐ °pidly rising.

Economic and Monetary Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Economic and Monetary Union - Essay Example Nevertheless both developed quickly back to the former patterns. On the divergent, this paper would find evidence of a decline in the resolution of the inflation progression in the mid-1990s. This also would be evidenced due to a structural alteration in private inflationary prospect due to policies associated to the groundwork of EMU. Regression Model analysis also been adjusted for Statistical analysis using an OLS- and a 2SLS. Main focus of the paper has addressed the question - How joining the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union affects Inflation Joining the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union has great prospect on decision-making structure of monetary policymaking. The political culture of monetary union posed on stability from Inflation. Legitimately countries those who prefer price stability at the expense of growth have dominated monetary union. These preferences shaped the base of monetary union where various institutions intent to protect this interest through price stability. Supporting aspects of monetary integration have shaped it hard to strictly enforce. The battle for price stability in relation to growth continues to be waged despite has gained apparent victory. The inclusion of the joining countries will impact on the institutional structure of the European Central Bank (ECB). The alliances have formed to promote and block certain policies. The alliances would be bent based on the extent of their economies may benefit more. The continued emphasis of stability has a more flexible bargain for its faster growth rate. Similar decisions have a credibility impact on the efficiency of EMU to play a more vigorous role in international monetary arena. This study would go to investigate how joining the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union affects Inflation among the existing member countries and contrasting the incentives for accession countries. This paper would go to represent the analysis within three aspects as - Econometric models. Focus on analysis of data, Statistical techniques, The determinants of EMU historically extraordinary improvements are numerous and complex. The main motivation for joining EMU was the desire of being part of an area of monetary stability for most participating countries after long period of high and variable inflation among themselves. The aim of this paper is to investigate the joining Europe's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) had any effect on the dynamics of inflation in the countries involved. This question is very significant in quite a few respects. EMU involved the preface of a new currency 'euro' among 12 member countries and created the new central bank responsible for organising and implementing a single